Keyboard Shortcuts

More than 100 Keyboard Shortcuts:

Keyboard Shortcuts (Microsoft Windows)
1. CTRL+C (Copy)
2. CTRL+X (Cut)
... 3. CTRL+V (Paste)
4. CTRL+Z (Undo)
5. DELETE (Delete)
6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
15. CTRL+A (Select all)
16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents opensimultaneously)
22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
33. F5 key (Update the active window)
34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
35. ESC (Cancel the current task)
36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
3. TAB (Move forward through the options)
4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
9. F1 key (Display Help)
10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)
6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)
22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)
23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

MMC Console keyboard shortcuts

1. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
2. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
3. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
4. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
5. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
6. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for theselected item)
7. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
8. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboardand provide the same functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same as CTRL+L)
9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
11. CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Read More

The Kidney Structure & Function

The kidneys are a pair of fist-sized organs located outside the peritoneal cavity on each side of the spine. Together with the skin and the respiratory system, the kidneys are the body's primary excretory organs. The kidney is a highly specialized organ that maintains the internal environment of the body by selectively excreting or retaining various substances according to specific body needs. The importance of urine formation and excretion as a life-sustaining function is highlighted in situations in which kidney function is suddenly lost. Without at least one functioning kidney, death can occur within a few days.

Urine is a very complex fluid comprised of 95% water and 5% solids. The approximately one to one and one-half liters of urine excreted each day are the end product of

metabolism carried out by billions of cells in the renal and urinary systems. 

The nephron is the kidney's primary functional unit. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons. Each nephron contains a filtering system known as a glomerulus, and a tubule, through which the filtered liquid passes. Each glomerulus consists of a capillary network surrounded by a membrane called Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole carries blood from the renal artery into the glomerulus, where it divides to form a circulatory network. At the distal end of the glomerulus, the capillaries rejoin to form the efferent arteriole through which blood leaves the glomerulus. 

A large amount of circulating blood flows through the kidneys. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output or 1200 ml of blood per minute is received by the kidneys. One liter of urine is the end product of more than 1000 liters of circulating blood processed through the kidneys. Urine formation begins in the glomerular capillaries, with dissolved substances passing into the proximal tubule as a result of the force of blood pressure in the large afferent arteriole and the pressure in Bowman's capsule.

The renal tubule is responsible for reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption is the process of moving solutes from the tubules and reabsorbing or returing them to the bloodstream. Some substances such as glucose and sodium are reabsorbed until the plasma level reaches a specific concentration known as the renal threshold. Secretion is the process of transporting solutes into the renal tubule so that they can be excreted in the urine. Secretion allows substances such as hydrogen ions to be eliminated at a rate that exceeds glomerular filtration. Both reaborption and secretion are controlled by the selective permeability of different areas of the renal tubule to water, sodium, and urea (a by-product of protein metabolism) and the response of the distal collecting tubules in the kidney to hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and parathyroid hormone.

The kidney has a remarkable ability to dilute or concentrate urine, according to an individual's changing physiological needs, and to regulate electrolyte excretion. Impaired renal function has adverse effects on blood chemistry, blood pressure, fluid balance, nutrient intake, and the person's general state of health. When kidney function becomes compromised by disease, the processes of glomerular filtration and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion become affected. Blood and urine biochemical tests reflect the extent of this dysfunction. Renal function tests are used to screen for kidney disease, to help determine the cause of kidney disease, the to determine the extent of renal dysfunction.

Renal failure is a loss of renal function characterized by uremia, the retention of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. Acute renal failure is rapid in onset and can often be reversed. Acute renal failure is classified as prerenal, renal, and postrenal failure. Prerenal failure is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, as occurs with congestive heart failure. Renal failure results from injury to the kidney’s glomeruli and tubules. The most common causes of renal failure are glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and tubular damage caused by drugs, heavy metals, and viral infection. Post renal failure is caused by obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys. This can occur from urinary tract stones, tumors, and anatomic obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Chronic renal failure has a slow onset, may follow episodes of acute renal failure, and is not reversible. Chronic renal failure often results from acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis. Other reasons for chronic renal failure include diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis of the renal blood vessels, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney stones.

Read More

Doctor Of Physiotherapy (DPT)

In the modern, technological era, besides MBBS and BDS, there are also many fields having degree, honor of “DOCTOR” like Pharm-D, DVM and DPT.

I would like to highlight some important points about DPT:

Q. What is physiotherapy (DPT)?

Physiotherapy is a health care profession which provides services to individuals/population to develop, maintain and restore maximum moments that include movements and function threatened by age, disease, injury and paralysis.

"Physiotherapy is 5 years program neither diploma nor certificate degree."

Scope of practice

1. Practioner of choice.
2. No supervision needed, even in USA 33 states allow direct access and very soon in England limited prescription rights will be given to them.
3. A significant change in the scope of practice from dependent to independent practice.
4. With the new curriculum physiotherapists are capable to assess, diagnose and treat patients independently and people trust them that they are competent professionals.
5. Private independent practice has been improved significance

DPT (5 years) +1 year house job, approved curriculum from HEC and uniformed curriculum throughout the country, equivalency of 17 years of schooling (Like Pharm-D, DVM and MBBS) and recognized as professional education in the GOVT. as well as in private sectors.

Specialized Physical Therapy can be done in many areas including:

• OMPT
• Sports physical therapy
• Neuro therapy
• Cardiovascular therapy
• Respiratory therapy
• Speech therapy
• Postural therapy

Some of the academic title awarded to these doctors are:

• Lecturer
• Associate professor (A.P)
• Administrative jobs
• Assistant director
• Deputy director and so on

Admission Dates:

In all universites and medical colleges the admissions in DPT start after atleast 2 weeks of MCAT

Institutes offering DPT

1. School of physiotherapy k.e.m.u Lahore.
2. Allama iqbal medical college Lahore.
3. Mars university Lahore.
4. G.C university Faisalabad.
5. university of Faisalabad.
6. Women institute of medical technology abbot bad
7. Quaid-e-azam medical college Bahawalpur.
8. ISRA college of rehabilitation sciences ICRS Hyderabad.
9. beach-wood college of physiotherapy hayderabad.
10. Rifah institute of physical therapy Islamabad
11. Rawalpindi medical college Rawalpindi.
12. Armed forces post graduate medical college institute Rawalpindi.
13. Dow university of health sciences Karachi.
14. Jinnah post graduate medical center Karachi.
15. school of physiotherapy liquate national hospital Karachi.
16. zaiddin university of Karachi.
17. Fatima memorial institute of allied health sciences Lahore.
18. LMDC school of physiotherapy Lahore

"physiotherapists do all the jobs (examine, prescription, exercise) except surgery."

Often students ask DPT students are really doctors???

Yes physiotherapists surely & obviously are doctors, in fact, any person who holds doctorate degree in any subject is called a doctor, not only by holding Mbbs degree one becomes a doctor. Mbbs students are medical doctors & DPT students are Physiotherapy doctors :)
 
Credits : Sarah Sehar

Read More

Doctor of Pharmacy

A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) is a professional doctor degree in pharmacy. In some countries, it is a first professional degree, and a prerequisite for licensing to exercise the profession of Pharmacist.

Every year some students join the Pharm.D. program after completing FSc Pre-Medical. First  it is 4 year course named as B-Pharmacy. Now it is 5 year course named as D-Pharmacy.

In Pakistan, the Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a graduate-level professional doctorate degree.In Pakistan, a total of 21 universities are registered with Pharmacy Council of Pakistan for imparting Pharmacy courses. In 2004 Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan revised the syllabus and changed the 4-year B.Pharmacy Program to 5-year Pharm.D. program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program.In 2011 the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan approved the awarding of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, a five-year programme at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar. A Pharmacist holding a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) qualification can use the prefix Dr. before their name.


1. Institutions offering Degree Programs for Registration in Register “A”.     Recognized Programs
 
(a) Public Sector 
   
a. University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore.   
b. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi.  
c. Faculty of Pharmacy, Sindh University, Jamshoro.   
d. Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamia University, Bahawalpur.  
e. Department of Pharmacy, Peshawar University, Peshawar.   
f. Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan.   
g. Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D. I. Khan.   
h. Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore.   
i. Department of Pharmacy, Sargodha University, Sargodha.    
j. Department of Pharmacy, Balochistan University, Quetta.  
k. Department of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University, Karachi.    
l. College of Pharmacy, GC University, Faisalabad.   
m. Institute of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat.   
n. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary &  Animal Sciences, Lahore.    
o. College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi.   

(b) Private Sector    

i. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.   
ii. Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore.   
iii. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore Campus, Lahore.    
iv. Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi.  
v. Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi Campus, Karachi.    
vi. Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad.   
vii. Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad.   
viii. Faculty of Pharmacy Sarhad University, Peshawar. 
ix. Riphah Institute of Pharmacy, Riphah International University, Islamabad.  
x. Faculty of Pharmacy Hajvery University, Lahore  
xi. School of Pharmacy, Jinnah Medical & Dental College, Karachi.  
xii. Women Institute of Learning. Abbottabad  

2. Institutions offering Training Programs for Registration in Register "B".    

1. Ace Institute of Health Sciences, Lahore.     Pharm. D.
2. Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore.     Pharm. D.
3. Pakistan Institute of Pharmacy, Sahiwal.     Pharm. D.
4. Kings College of Pharmacy Technician, Sahiwal.     Pharm. D.
5. Multan College of Pharmacy, Multan.     Pharm. D.
6. Thal Institute of Paramedical, Laiyyeh.     Pharm. D.
7. PAK Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore    
8. Aiman Institute of Pharmacy Technician, Lahore.    
9. Allama Iqbal College of Pharmacy Technician, Lahore    
10. Bahauddin Zahkriya Institute of Pharmacy Technician, Multan.    
11. Federal Institute of Health Sciences, Lahore    
12. Pharma World Institute, Lahore     

Source: Pharmacy Council Of Pakistan

Read More

Federal Medical & Dental College Islamabad

Admission Open In FMDC

The merit criteria for FMDC is the same as the of UHS i.e 50% test, 40% fsc and 10% matric. They do not include the marks of Hifz-e-Quran in the merit.

There is no Specific Sylabbus for FMDC. You have to read the full Books.

Distribution of seats

• Open Merit  6
• Punjab   40
• Sindh R  9
• Sindh U  6
• KPK   9
• Balochistan  5
• Gilgit Baltistan 2
• FATA   2
• AJK   2
• Islamabad Capital Territory  10
• Federal Government Employees  9

Closing merits of last year
 
Open merit : 81.86
Punjab: 81.02
Sindh R: 78.03
Sindh U: 78.82
KPK: 79.17
Baluchistan: 81.31
AJ&K: 81.78
Islamabad: 80.58
Federal Govt. Employs: 80.7

Read More

Essay on Visit To Historical Places

 Essay  ~ ~ Visit To Historical Places

 Definition:
                                   Historical Places are character of history based on or concerned with events in history.
                                   The word “visit” has of meanings. The first thought that fun sometimes, this reminds us some pleasant moments of glories poet. I also have some precious memories of my visit to the historical city “Lahore”.
                                   Lahore is full of historical buildings. There is no exaggeration to say that Lahore itself is a historical city. Everybody who visit Lahore must go to visit historical buildings. They show us the picture of the past and the achievements of our great forefathers. Last Friday we chalked out a program for outing. I had not seen the tomb of Jahangir. So all agreed that this historical place should be visited. In no time we reached there by bus. The grand tomb of Jahangir was before our eyes. Every body was happy to see it. It looked beautiful I could not believe that it was so grand.
                                   Jahangir's Tomb is at Shahdara. Shahdara is four miles away from Lahore. On the other bank of the River Ravi. The four tall minerates of the tomb can be seen from a distance. The mausoleum is in a park enclosed by a high wall. There is a magnificent gateway which is guarded by a walled quadrangle. The park appeared to be well kept. The seasonal flowers were in all their glory. There were mange groves here and there spreading in cool shade. A fountain in front of the mausoleum was sending forth a cool shower of water. It was presenting a beautiful scene. It filled our hearts with pleasure. For sometime we were lost in thoughts. It looked another world. Cool breeze was blowing.
After it we reached the tomb itself. It is a low large an beautiful edifice. In an inner room sleeps the Great Mughal Emperor. Nothing to disturb him now. The walls of his room have curious and colored designs on them. The huge mausoleum has a vast terrace. In each corner a minaret soars up in the sky. I went up and from the platform of the minaret saw the city of Lahore looked splendid. Man does not believe in his eyes. Everything looked so attractive and so charming.
                                 We kept on moving about for quite a while. We sat in the grassy lawn for sometime. When It was evening time the light began to fade. The silence and peace affected us strangely. Our minds were full of solemn thoughts and colorful memories. In the twilight it appeared to us as if we were in a fairy land. The whole scene was presenting a beautiful picture. We were much impressed by the scene. It was time to go back. We did not feel like coming back but we had to. We came back tired but happy.

Read More

Essay on Picnic Party

Essay ~ ~ Picnic Party

 Definition:
               Picnic formally an entertainment at which each person contributed some dishes to a common table; now an excursion or pleasure party in which partake of collation or repast usually in open air.
               Every body needs rest and entertainment after working hard for many days. The picnics can provide us this much needed leisure. They add char to our otherwise dull and boring life. They refresh our tires nerves and mind. Picnics and outing are a part and parcel of the life of students. These are arranged by the school authorities off and on.
              There are so many picnic points in and around Lahore. Generally people go out for picnic during the winter season or rainy season. These picnics are very essential for our life. Especially these are necessary for the people living in big cities because they can get a respite from their busy life which is full of hustle and bustle.
              Last week the principle of our school decided to take the students of 10th class to Jallo Park for a picnic. For this purpose Sunday was fixed as on that day there is a lot of hustle and bustle at Jallo Park. Our class teacher Mr. Ali also agreed to accompany us. The students paid Rs. 50 each towards bus charges and light refreshment which was to be provided by the school.
             Two buses were arranged for this purpose. Every student was required to take his own lunch packet with him. All the students reached the school on the appointed day at about 8:30 a.m. The buses also arrived in time. We had arranged for deluxe buses which were very comfortable. Many students arrived with transistors cameras and tape recorders. All the students were dressed very smartly in their shirts or gay dresses.
            Our principal and the class teacher arrived at exact 9:00 a.m. All the students boarded the buses and we started at 9:15 a.m. When the buses moved the students started singing in a chorus. They clapped sang and dance collectively. Within twenty five minute we reached the picnic spot. It was winter season. Many other schools had also organized their picnics to Jallo Park on that day.
            The scene at Jallo looked just a big fair. There were hundreds of students and other persons who had come there to enjoy a picnic. We selected a place near the Jallo Lake and spread a big carpet there. We placed our lunch boxes there and went around the park in groups.
            At 12:30 p.m. we all came back and assembled for our lunch. We were feeling quite hungry. We opened our lunch packets and shared our meals with one another. After that we started a program of music. Some students gave us good songs and ghazals. Many other on looked also gathered around us and enjoyed the music. Some students entertained us with tit bits and jokes.
         After this we took some rest and again dispersed for enjoying ourselves. Some students went out for boating. Those students who had brought with them transistors and tape recorders started listening to music and dancing. Still others with cameras started taking photographs. At 4:00 p.m. we again gathered at the oppointed place. Now we were served with light refreshment by our school authorities which consists of tea biscuits ets. The time passed quickly. Ultimately we started for our home journey at 5:30 p.m.

Read More